Age Has An Effect On Second Language - 940 Words

The goal of the research paper is to investigate the degree to which age has an effect on Second Language (L2) speech learning, particularly child-adult differences in L2 phonology acquisition and cross-cultural language similarity.The article has been divided into two parts. In the first section, the article explores two models of teaching and learning, namely, the Critical Period (CP) and Interaction Hypothesis (IH). After assessing both models validities, the researchers adopt the Interactive Hypothesis method to test their hypothesis. According to the â€Å"interaction hypothesis,† (IH) child–adult differences in L2 phonological learning are contingent on the degree to which the L1 and L2 interact. These IH predictions were measured in two trials involving sixty-four native English-speaking and Korean-speaking children and adults in the second segment. Experiment one examines whether children are less likely than adults to discriminate L2 sounds as instances of L1 sound categories. Experiment 1 focused on the contrast between English /i/–/É ª/ (as in â€Å"beat† and â€Å"bit†) and /u/–/ÊŠ/ (as in â€Å"boot† and â€Å"book†). The researchers asked Native Korean children and adults to identify English vowels regarding Korean vowel categories in a forced-choice identification task and to rate the English vowels for â€Å"goodness of fit† to the same Korean vowel categories. The last part of the article contains experiment 2.The aim of experiment two was to verify whether children’s and adults’Show MoreRelatedThe Best Age For Start Learning Second Language1705 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch is illustrate about the best age to start learning second language(English as an example), without damaging or having any linguistic problems in them both. There will be questionnaire and some interviews with Saudi parents that are lived in Canada to study their situation weather they prefer teach their children first or second language in the beginning or learn them both in the same time. We will ask if they have any difficulties in learning languages and study their situation. The purposeRead MoreSummary and Critique of Johnson and Newport 19891600 Words   |  7 Pagescritical period in regards to first language acquisition, many researchers began to relate and study age issue in second language acquisition. In this area of study, Johnson and Newport (1989) is among the most prominent and leading studies which tries to seek evidence to test the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in second language (L2) acquisition. This study aims to find identifying answers to the question of age-related effects on the proficiency for languages learned prior the puberty. In theirRead MoreEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdual immersion programs in schools and the widespread notion that language acquisition is something that needs to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)? Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of successRead MoreThe Debate Over The Ultimate Causes Of Age Related Phenomenon896 Words   |  4 Pages As a child develops, their brain has different stages of expansion and maturity. Each child must learn to do certain things at different points in their growth to keep up with other children their age. Language development in children is often a controversial topic among many psychologists and educated individuals of society. Research shows, â€Å"...debate over the ultimate causes of age-related phenomenon, ...some claiming that it is due to general cognitive declines that continue over the lifespan†Read MoreResearch On Age And L2a For Decades1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe critical period hypothesis has been the main focus of research on age and L2A for decades. This hypothesis originated with Lenneberg. In his 1967 study, he proposed that for language to develop fully, it must be acquired before the start of puberty. His hypothesis was solely regarding first language (L1) acquisition. Johnson and Newport (1989) were among the first to question if and how this hypothesis a pplies to second language acquisition. They conducted a test with a group of 46 ChineseRead MoreThe Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesWhat do we know about the effects bilingualism has on cognitive development? Our world is becoming progressively bilingual; in the US 21% of school age children between the ages of 5-17 years old can speak other than English at home and this number is expected to increase in the coming years. On top of social reasons, the positive effects to the cognitive development of the brain when introduced to a second language are of many. The age of acquisition is vital due to the plasticity of the brain,Read MoreEffect Of Bilingualism On Cognition And Their Abilities Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe way a child develops can have many effects on their cognition and their abilities. One example of an effect on a child’s development is shown between the differences of bilinguals and monolinguals. When a c hild learns a second language, the mental abilities that adjust to that second language are flexible. The changes in the flexibility and the anatomical structure of a bilingual child’s brain are based on his/her neural plasticity. Which are eventually different from the change in the flexibitlityRead MoreEffect Of Therapy On Mainstream Schools Children With Language Impairments961 Words   |  4 Pagesperformed by Catherine Adams and Julianne Lloyd on the effects of therapy on mainstream school children with pragmatic language impairment, often abbreviated PLI. Pragmatics is the social language skills used in daily communications with others which include; what is said, how it is said, and with body language. The study was done on six male children with a mean age 7; 12 years (range = 5; 11 to 9; 9). The study aimed to determine the effects of intervention through a set of tests, some standardizedRead MoreThe Benefits Of Learning A Foreign Language1634 Words   |  7 Pag esthousand spoken languages. Among the approximately seven and a half billion people living on earth right now, it is estimated that fifty six percent of them speak more than just their native language according to PhD Viorica Marian (Marian, 2012). In shocking contrast, only a meager fifteen to twenty percent of the American population speak more languages than just their native language. In a world where it is becoming increasingly popular for people to learn a secondary language, almost half ofRead MoreChild‚Äà ¬Adult Differences in Second-Language Phonological Learning: the Role of Cross-Language Similarity1188 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences in Second-Language Phonological Learning: The Role of Cross-Language Similarity† examines an explanation of why it is easier for children than adults to acquire a second language other than the concept that a person has critical neurological periods where he is more able to assimilate a language. The idea examined is call ed â€Å"Interaction Hypothesis† (IH.) This concept is that a person’s first and second languages interact with each other. As an individual ages, his first language becomes a

Family Business By Ernesto Poza - 1369 Words

Family businesses, also known as family-owned or family-controlled firms, are omnipresent. How influential are they? They make up an enormous part of the economy in the United States, which include around 70% of incorporated businesses and account for 49% of US GDP, thus Family businesses are a primary engine of economic growth and vitality. As a summary based on understanding of the contents learned from class, family businesses basically obtain several features, which are competitive advantages, a central family â€Å"dream† or values and mission, heritage continuity or longevity, strategically management, emotion-based family unity. The book I read is Family business authored by Ernesto Poza. It is a comprehensive book on various statistics, research, theory and real-life cases. The book is separated and organized into three parts. In Part 1, the author indicates the significance of family business from the economics point of view by listing tons of statistics, defining the uniqueness and pointing out the advantages and challenges of a family business. In Part 2, the author highlights the importance of performance and capability of next generation on leadership imperative and business continuity building. He also explains the CEO as the architect of governance in the strategic planning process that leads to succession. In Part 3, the author emphasizes the best practices for managing family business with a range from creating the strategy, planning the estate to define theShow MoreRelatedGerry Conway - American Entrepreneur1626 Words   |  7 Pagessmall firms, Conway decided to found his own company, Gerald A. Conway amp; Associates, being display-printing broker. One day, a colleague suggested that he sell the plastic parts that retailers used to display signs as part of his printing broker business. The advantage of selling accessories was that he could sell the same product to many companies simultaneously, which was not possible in display printing, for which each printing job was customized. An early product idea was the Arrowhead fastenerRead MoreFbm Tutorial1516 Words   |  7 PagesDIPLOMA IN BUSINESS STUDIES Family Business Management Tutorial 4 (for week beginning 13 May 2013) Managing The Family Business I Discussion Questions 1. Why is the understanding of family conflict important to family-owned businesses? 2. Emily’s family runs a lucrative F amp; B business selling beef noodles. She is about to take over the running of the empire when her father retires later this year. However, she is worried that family conflicts may erode their very successful

Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates Free Essays

According to some sociologists, lower status groups have higher crime rates because they do not have access to legitimate means of achieving. This view is supported by sociologists such as Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin who believe members of the lower classes commit crime because they are not given the same opportunities to achieve as other members of society. However, this view could be disputed, as it is by sociologists such as Miller and Murray who believe other factors are involved such as the focal concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will assess the extent to which lower status groups commit crime because they are denied access to the legitimate means of achieving success. According to Cohen, lower class boys have the same success goals as the rest of society but have no opportunity to enjoy these goals. He believes that the lack of opportunity here is because of their educational failure and then their dead-end jobs. This could be supported by Willis’ ethnographic study on a number of ‘lads’ at school. This study showed that these boys had come to terms with the fact they were going to be stuck in dead end jobs as they did not achieve anything at school and therefore formed anti-school subcultures to deal with this. According to Cohen this amounts in status frustration as the individuals become frustrated that they cannot achieve anything and with their low status in society. Due to this, they turn their attentions to achieving through other means – crime, they reject the success goals of common culture and replace them with others as Merton described in his responses to cultural goals. This new found calling can help them to gain status and recognition, especially from their peers, albeit for the wrong reasons and thus a delinquent subculture is formed. It can be seen as a collective solution for all the problems faced by the lower classes. Cohen believes that â€Å"the delinquent subculture takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside down. † Thus, the subcultures are a negative reaction to a society that has denied opportunity some of its members. This would suggest that the members of lower status groups deviate because they are denied access to the normal routes of success and shows that because of this there is greater pressure on certain groups in society to deviate. Cloward and Ohlin follow the same path as Cohen, however they develop his ideas. According to them Cohen failed to look at the illegitimate opportunity structure. They believe that lower status groups are denied access to the legitimate means of achieving success; however an illegitimate route is available to them. This opportunity could come from the fact that in some areas there may be a high rate of adult crime and this means that there is access for adolescence to follow the same path; however in other areas this culture may not be present. According to Cloward and Ohlin areas with a high rate of organised adult crime creates a learning environment for younger generations, meaning the common norms and values in these areas are different from those who apply themselves to the legitimate opportunity structure and a criminal subculture is created. Conflict subcultures are created in areas where there is little opportunity for adolescence to achieve through the illegitimate opportunity structures. This means that there is no access to either legitimate or illegitimate opportunity structure. According to Cloward and Ohlin the response to this situation is usually gang violence as a means of reaching built up tension and frustration towards the lack of opportunity. Retreatist subcultures are also created by those who have failed to have access to illegitimate or legitimate opportunity structures, thus they retreat from society and enter a retreatist subculture. Thus, all of these subcultures are created because these people do not have access to the normal means of achieving success. Other sociologists however, believe that it is not the opportunity for success but other factors that influence lower class crime rates. Miller, who studied lower class subcultures in 1950s America, discovered that the subcultures were not formed because of the inability to achieve success, but because of the existence of distinctive lower class subcultures. According to Miller there are a number of long held cultural traditions followed and these differ to those of the higher strata. He believed that these traditions passed down from generation to generation actively encouraged lower class men to break the law. Miller believes that there are a number of focal concerns of the lower class. These focal concerns are toughness that involves trying to prove their masculinity; smartness, which involves trying to outsmart each other and excitement which involves having ‘fun’ which could involve alcohol, drugs, gambling and joy riding. According to Miller argues that delinquency is just the members of the lower strata acting out the focal concerns, if in a slightly exaggerated way! He believes that it has a lot to do with boredom of work and these focal concerns help them to live with the day-to-day boredom. Thus, the crime rates of the lower class are not because of the opportunities available to them but because of they have their own norms, values and traditions that are carried through from generation to generation. Murray also believes that it is not due to opportunity but believes in an under-class who are a group of either unemployed or unemployable people. He believes that this underclass share there own common norms and values and reject those of mainstream society. He believes that the welfare states are to blame as it means that people do not feel the need to work and can live of the state and reject the idea it is important to hold down a job, thus they turn to criminality. This means that he does not agree that crimes are committed because of the lack of opportunity, but more because of the opportunity to be given money from the state and not have to do anything. Stephen Jones also agrees that there us an underclass, but believes there are also number of side issues such as racial tension and gang warfare that helps to add to the crimes. This view could be supported by crimes in Britain such as the shootings of Letisha Shakespeare and Charlene Ellis in 2003. Overall, it can be said that there are a number of reasons as to why crime rates are high in the lower class. It could be because they are denied access to legitimate means of achieving success as they need to fine some way to succeed. However, it could also be due to the fact that learning environments are created and traditions are passed though the generations making it common and normal in the lower classes for crimes to be committed and normal for aspects such as racial tension to be a big part of life. Therefore, there it could be said that it is not just because of there is a lack of opportunity for members of the lower class, but because they already have there own norms and values of which t follow. How to cite Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates?, Papers

The Prologue and Tale as a whole Essay Example For Students

The Prologue and Tale as a whole Essay One critic has observed that Chaucer enhances the tale by setting it within the tones of the Pardoners own narrative. How important to you consider Chaucers characterisation of the Pardoner to the effect of the Prologue and Tale as a whole? The life of the tale is there in the living language, and it comes to our senses and mind, our feeling and thought, through the poetry: in reading it, we experience the medieval community, its values, and something of the way human life was carried on in it. Holbrook. Telle us som moral thing, that we may leere Some wit. The Pardoner, at once a fascinating yet repulsive man successfully embraces this request, entertaining both his audience and reader with his tale condemning greed, pride, drunkedness and gambling, all sinnes that the Pardoner himself boasts of. Chaucer uses this stereotypical Pardoner of the 14th Century to both warn us and even preach to us, encouraging his contemporary reader not to be gulled by such a rouge, whose often implausible and inhuman behaviour was not exaggerated, simply taken from similar characters form Chaucers era. He also stresses a universal and timeless message of Radix malorunm est cupiditas. The tale, rich in satire, paradoxes and irony skilfully captures Chaucers knowledge of human nature, whilst continually shifting in tone, style and pace to hold our attention, adding a sense of dark humour, hopefully causing us to laugh out of our own folly. Totally corrupt, this arrogant and vulgar rascal, complete with false bulles and pigges bones abuses his ecclesiastical association, taking pleasure in swindling money from people povre, and even those that will sterve for famine, making apes of both the person and the peple. He also uses his pretended power to reek revenge on those who trespassed against him spitting out his venym under hewe/Of hoolinesse. He is a cynic who scorns those foolish enough to be duped by him, hinting that it is their guilt and desperate need for redemption or even their own greed which leads them to be so easily swayed by him. He lacks repentance or even shame, taking pride and boasting of his avarice, claiming he preaches simply for coveitise. myn entente is nat but for to winne, And nothing for correction of sinne I rekke nevere, whan that they been buried. Though that hir soules goon a blackberied. Ironically the pardoner is so skilled and manipulative that without intending it, he causes others to repent from avarice and gluttony, here Chaucer has added the intervention of good overcoming evil using evil personified (the Pardoner) as a medium. This suggests that despite the Pardoners self-professed ingenious he is not as in control of his life as he likes to deceive himself. The reason why the Pardoner reveals his phoney profession to his party of pilgrims is unclear and often criticised. However it could be argued that this confessional prologue, or apologia is a method in which to entertain the party he is travelling with, knowing that they would not be among the usual victims he normally preys on. Although perhaps he is foolishly allowing his vanity to spill out with the aid of his loosened tongue from the drinke. The Tale that opens in a tavern clearly reflects the dwelling of the Pardoner and his party at the time. This is one of the many examples of obvious irony that saturates the entire tale. The tale itself is typically medieval, based around a strict structure and divided into several clearly separated points tackling each sin (a culpa) individually. His sermon-like build up to the tale proper is tautological, heavily ironic, deeply condemning and vile in places O wombe! O bely! O stinking cod,. Interweaving biblical exempla to strengthen his preaching he also varies the tone and pace continually creating interest. The tale proper itself is not original, and thus takes on a naturalistic conversational tone, making it vivid and believable. .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .postImageUrl , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:visited , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:active { border:0!important; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:active , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea EssayThe three rioters are not named but simply referred to as the proudeste, the worste and the yongeste Perhaps Chaucer did not give them names in order to focus more on the moral element of the tale rather than minor details. An addition to the inherited story is the old man, his courteousness, thoughtfulness and proper respect for God and death directly contrasts with the rioters rudeness, recklessness and an ignorant disrespect for God and death. Their ill treatment towards him also allows us to feel unsympathetic towards their foreboding death and he advances the plot by leading them directly to the very death they were looking for. Having told the story he once again begins preaching and sermonising, simply covering all the sins that he himself presented in his prologue. Whilst he condemns the rioters for many a grisly oath accusing them of tearing apart Jesus body we are reminded that he opened the tale swearing by nailes and by blood! He is guilty of gluttony as he boasts of taking monie, wolle, chese and whete while pride and drunkedness feature in his claim to drink licor of the vine/And have a joly wench in every toun. His boasts of sexual prowess are undercut by the previous revelation in his portrait that it was sworn he was a gelding or a mare and the description of his grossly effeminate appearance with A voys as smal as a goot. The continual and exaggerated use of irony makes the tale comic, in my opinion the Pardoner is aware of all his vices and his evil, and tells the tale in this way in order to entertain, knowing that he is in fact a ful vicious man. This leads me to disagree with Charles Mosely. We are listening to a soul that is dammed and does not yet know it In my opinion the Pardoner is fully aware that he is dammed, yet is so corrupted that he doesnt take heed of the very religion he preaches, and frankly doesnt care about the destiny of anyones soul, including his own. His ability to cleverly deceive and trick, undoubtedly earns him some admiration from the audience and reader, we as human beings seem to be drawn to evil and darkness, finding it much more interesting than pureness and virtuousness. Therefore through the Pardoner, Chaucer makes an amazing narrator, one who goes against god yet ends up serving him, one bursting with sin so that he not only encourages us to compare his greed, swearing, drinking, gambling and pride with his preaching but also our own. It could be argued that the only point at which the Pardoner fails is when he attempts to fool the audience to which he has just confessed all, a feat too ambitious even for the Pardoner, leaving himself open for ridicule and mockery.