Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Harassing - Essay Example The people may neglect to uncover the enthusiastic hurt, however this may influence their scholarly and social perspectives. Physical harassing is the most widely recognized among schools. This typically happens when the apparent more grounded students exact physical torment to their defenseless and mediocre companions, who can't shield themselves. Physical harassing may incorporate punching, pushing and hitting among others. This may likewise incorporate obliterating an individual’s property (Mishna, 73). Undercover is a roundabout type of harassing, where the culprit spreads baseless gossipy tidbits, uncovers an individual’s privileged insights endeavors to ruin another’s notoriety. As of now, inferable from kids’ reception of the web digital harassing has additionally developed. The culprits may send compromising messages to the children, send offending messages, change an individual’s profile, and post profane photographs to people among different structures. Included gatherings should search for methods of wiping out different types of tormenting. In the first place, they should recognize the test of tormenting. The influenced youngsters need to report such cases to the educators and guardians for activity. Later the culprits need to get quick discipline, so as to stop repeat of the

Monday, August 17, 2020

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 29th, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 29th, 2017 Book Riot Deals is sponsored today by A Promise of Fire by Amanda Bouchet: Todays Featured Deals The Language of Flowers by Vanessa Diffenbaugh for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: The Novice by Thich Nhat Hanh for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: Fates and Furies by Lauren Groff for $3.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. Let the Great World Spin  by Colum McCann for $2.99. Girl Through Glass  by Sari Wilson for $1.99. Rich and Pretty  by Rumann Alam for $1.99. Horrorstor  by Grady Hendrix for $1.99 The Small Backs of Children  by Lydia Luknavitch for $1.99. I Thought It Was Just Me (But It Isnt)  by Brene Brown for $1.99. The Forty Rules of Love  by Elif Shafak for $1.99. Surfacing  by Margaret Atwood for $1.99. Ancillary Justice  by Ann Leckie for $2.99. 10% Happier  by Dan Harris for $1.99. Kindred  by Octavia Butler for $1.99. The Fifth Season  by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99. How to Start a Fire  by Lisa Lutz for $2.99. The Passage  by Justin Cronin for $1.99. Night Film  by Marisha Pessl for $1.99. Shogun  by James Clavell for $1.99. The Notorious RGB  for $1.99. The Valley of Amazement  by Amy Tan for $1.99. The Girl with All the Gifts  by M.R. Carey for $1.99. Graceling  by Kristin Cashore for $1.99. The Rules of Civility  by Amor Towles for $3.99. Ayiti by Roxane Gay for $1.99 Dawn by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99. The Looking Glass War by John Le Carre for $1.99. The Complete Stories by Clarice Lispector for $1.99. Too Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer for $2.99. Mothers Sons by Colm Toibin for $1.99. The Birthday of the World and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin for $1.99. Galileos Daughter by Dava Sobel for $1.99. Brown Girl, Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson for $1.99. An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage for $1.99. Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99.. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.99 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Age Has An Effect On Second Language - 940 Words

The goal of the research paper is to investigate the degree to which age has an effect on Second Language (L2) speech learning, particularly child-adult differences in L2 phonology acquisition and cross-cultural language similarity.The article has been divided into two parts. In the first section, the article explores two models of teaching and learning, namely, the Critical Period (CP) and Interaction Hypothesis (IH). After assessing both models validities, the researchers adopt the Interactive Hypothesis method to test their hypothesis. According to the â€Å"interaction hypothesis,† (IH) child–adult differences in L2 phonological learning are contingent on the degree to which the L1 and L2 interact. These IH predictions were measured in two trials involving sixty-four native English-speaking and Korean-speaking children and adults in the second segment. Experiment one examines whether children are less likely than adults to discriminate L2 sounds as instances of L1 sound categories. Experiment 1 focused on the contrast between English /i/–/É ª/ (as in â€Å"beat† and â€Å"bit†) and /u/–/ÊŠ/ (as in â€Å"boot† and â€Å"book†). The researchers asked Native Korean children and adults to identify English vowels regarding Korean vowel categories in a forced-choice identification task and to rate the English vowels for â€Å"goodness of fit† to the same Korean vowel categories. The last part of the article contains experiment 2.The aim of experiment two was to verify whether children’s and adults’Show MoreRelatedThe Best Age For Start Learning Second Language1705 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch is illustrate about the best age to start learning second language(English as an example), without damaging or having any linguistic problems in them both. There will be questionnaire and some interviews with Saudi parents that are lived in Canada to study their situation weather they prefer teach their children first or second language in the beginning or learn them both in the same time. We will ask if they have any difficulties in learning languages and study their situation. The purposeRead MoreSummary and Critique of Johnson and Newport 19891600 Words   |  7 Pagescritical period in regards to first language acquisition, many researchers began to relate and study age issue in second language acquisition. In this area of study, Johnson and Newport (1989) is among the most prominent and leading studies which tries to seek evidence to test the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in second language (L2) acquisition. This study aims to find identifying answers to the question of age-related effects on the proficiency for languages learned prior the puberty. In theirRead MoreEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdual immersion programs in schools and the widespread notion that language acquisition is something that needs to happen early on life, is there an ideal age to learn a second language (L2)? Wilder Penfield and Lamar Roberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of successRead MoreThe Debate Over The Ultimate Causes Of Age Related Phenomenon896 Words   |  4 Pages As a child develops, their brain has different stages of expansion and maturity. Each child must learn to do certain things at different points in their growth to keep up with other children their age. Language development in children is often a controversial topic among many psychologists and educated individuals of society. Research shows, â€Å"...debate over the ultimate causes of age-related phenomenon, ...some claiming that it is due to general cognitive declines that continue over the lifespan†Read MoreResearch On Age And L2a For Decades1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe critical period hypothesis has been the main focus of research on age and L2A for decades. This hypothesis originated with Lenneberg. In his 1967 study, he proposed that for language to develop fully, it must be acquired before the start of puberty. His hypothesis was solely regarding first language (L1) acquisition. Johnson and Newport (1989) were among the first to question if and how this hypothesis a pplies to second language acquisition. They conducted a test with a group of 46 ChineseRead MoreThe Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive Development Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesWhat do we know about the effects bilingualism has on cognitive development? Our world is becoming progressively bilingual; in the US 21% of school age children between the ages of 5-17 years old can speak other than English at home and this number is expected to increase in the coming years. On top of social reasons, the positive effects to the cognitive development of the brain when introduced to a second language are of many. The age of acquisition is vital due to the plasticity of the brain,Read MoreEffect Of Bilingualism On Cognition And Their Abilities Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe way a child develops can have many effects on their cognition and their abilities. One example of an effect on a child’s development is shown between the differences of bilinguals and monolinguals. When a c hild learns a second language, the mental abilities that adjust to that second language are flexible. The changes in the flexibility and the anatomical structure of a bilingual child’s brain are based on his/her neural plasticity. Which are eventually different from the change in the flexibitlityRead MoreEffect Of Therapy On Mainstream Schools Children With Language Impairments961 Words   |  4 Pagesperformed by Catherine Adams and Julianne Lloyd on the effects of therapy on mainstream school children with pragmatic language impairment, often abbreviated PLI. Pragmatics is the social language skills used in daily communications with others which include; what is said, how it is said, and with body language. The study was done on six male children with a mean age 7; 12 years (range = 5; 11 to 9; 9). The study aimed to determine the effects of intervention through a set of tests, some standardizedRead MoreThe Benefits Of Learning A Foreign Language1634 Words   |  7 Pag esthousand spoken languages. Among the approximately seven and a half billion people living on earth right now, it is estimated that fifty six percent of them speak more than just their native language according to PhD Viorica Marian (Marian, 2012). In shocking contrast, only a meager fifteen to twenty percent of the American population speak more languages than just their native language. In a world where it is becoming increasingly popular for people to learn a secondary language, almost half ofRead MoreChild‚Äà ¬Adult Differences in Second-Language Phonological Learning: the Role of Cross-Language Similarity1188 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences in Second-Language Phonological Learning: The Role of Cross-Language Similarity† examines an explanation of why it is easier for children than adults to acquire a second language other than the concept that a person has critical neurological periods where he is more able to assimilate a language. The idea examined is call ed â€Å"Interaction Hypothesis† (IH.) This concept is that a person’s first and second languages interact with each other. As an individual ages, his first language becomes a

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Family Business By Ernesto Poza - 1369 Words

Family businesses, also known as family-owned or family-controlled firms, are omnipresent. How influential are they? They make up an enormous part of the economy in the United States, which include around 70% of incorporated businesses and account for 49% of US GDP, thus Family businesses are a primary engine of economic growth and vitality. As a summary based on understanding of the contents learned from class, family businesses basically obtain several features, which are competitive advantages, a central family â€Å"dream† or values and mission, heritage continuity or longevity, strategically management, emotion-based family unity. The book I read is Family business authored by Ernesto Poza. It is a comprehensive book on various statistics, research, theory and real-life cases. The book is separated and organized into three parts. In Part 1, the author indicates the significance of family business from the economics point of view by listing tons of statistics, defining the uniqueness and pointing out the advantages and challenges of a family business. In Part 2, the author highlights the importance of performance and capability of next generation on leadership imperative and business continuity building. He also explains the CEO as the architect of governance in the strategic planning process that leads to succession. In Part 3, the author emphasizes the best practices for managing family business with a range from creating the strategy, planning the estate to define theShow MoreRelatedGerry Conway - American Entrepreneur1626 Words   |  7 Pagessmall firms, Conway decided to found his own company, Gerald A. Conway amp; Associates, being display-printing broker. One day, a colleague suggested that he sell the plastic parts that retailers used to display signs as part of his printing broker business. The advantage of selling accessories was that he could sell the same product to many companies simultaneously, which was not possible in display printing, for which each printing job was customized. An early product idea was the Arrowhead fastenerRead MoreFbm Tutorial1516 Words   |  7 PagesDIPLOMA IN BUSINESS STUDIES Family Business Management Tutorial 4 (for week beginning 13 May 2013) Managing The Family Business I Discussion Questions 1. Why is the understanding of family conflict important to family-owned businesses? 2. Emily’s family runs a lucrative F amp; B business selling beef noodles. She is about to take over the running of the empire when her father retires later this year. However, she is worried that family conflicts may erode their very successful

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates Free Essays

According to some sociologists, lower status groups have higher crime rates because they do not have access to legitimate means of achieving. This view is supported by sociologists such as Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin who believe members of the lower classes commit crime because they are not given the same opportunities to achieve as other members of society. However, this view could be disputed, as it is by sociologists such as Miller and Murray who believe other factors are involved such as the focal concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will assess the extent to which lower status groups commit crime because they are denied access to the legitimate means of achieving success. According to Cohen, lower class boys have the same success goals as the rest of society but have no opportunity to enjoy these goals. He believes that the lack of opportunity here is because of their educational failure and then their dead-end jobs. This could be supported by Willis’ ethnographic study on a number of ‘lads’ at school. This study showed that these boys had come to terms with the fact they were going to be stuck in dead end jobs as they did not achieve anything at school and therefore formed anti-school subcultures to deal with this. According to Cohen this amounts in status frustration as the individuals become frustrated that they cannot achieve anything and with their low status in society. Due to this, they turn their attentions to achieving through other means – crime, they reject the success goals of common culture and replace them with others as Merton described in his responses to cultural goals. This new found calling can help them to gain status and recognition, especially from their peers, albeit for the wrong reasons and thus a delinquent subculture is formed. It can be seen as a collective solution for all the problems faced by the lower classes. Cohen believes that â€Å"the delinquent subculture takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside down. † Thus, the subcultures are a negative reaction to a society that has denied opportunity some of its members. This would suggest that the members of lower status groups deviate because they are denied access to the normal routes of success and shows that because of this there is greater pressure on certain groups in society to deviate. Cloward and Ohlin follow the same path as Cohen, however they develop his ideas. According to them Cohen failed to look at the illegitimate opportunity structure. They believe that lower status groups are denied access to the legitimate means of achieving success; however an illegitimate route is available to them. This opportunity could come from the fact that in some areas there may be a high rate of adult crime and this means that there is access for adolescence to follow the same path; however in other areas this culture may not be present. According to Cloward and Ohlin areas with a high rate of organised adult crime creates a learning environment for younger generations, meaning the common norms and values in these areas are different from those who apply themselves to the legitimate opportunity structure and a criminal subculture is created. Conflict subcultures are created in areas where there is little opportunity for adolescence to achieve through the illegitimate opportunity structures. This means that there is no access to either legitimate or illegitimate opportunity structure. According to Cloward and Ohlin the response to this situation is usually gang violence as a means of reaching built up tension and frustration towards the lack of opportunity. Retreatist subcultures are also created by those who have failed to have access to illegitimate or legitimate opportunity structures, thus they retreat from society and enter a retreatist subculture. Thus, all of these subcultures are created because these people do not have access to the normal means of achieving success. Other sociologists however, believe that it is not the opportunity for success but other factors that influence lower class crime rates. Miller, who studied lower class subcultures in 1950s America, discovered that the subcultures were not formed because of the inability to achieve success, but because of the existence of distinctive lower class subcultures. According to Miller there are a number of long held cultural traditions followed and these differ to those of the higher strata. He believed that these traditions passed down from generation to generation actively encouraged lower class men to break the law. Miller believes that there are a number of focal concerns of the lower class. These focal concerns are toughness that involves trying to prove their masculinity; smartness, which involves trying to outsmart each other and excitement which involves having ‘fun’ which could involve alcohol, drugs, gambling and joy riding. According to Miller argues that delinquency is just the members of the lower strata acting out the focal concerns, if in a slightly exaggerated way! He believes that it has a lot to do with boredom of work and these focal concerns help them to live with the day-to-day boredom. Thus, the crime rates of the lower class are not because of the opportunities available to them but because of they have their own norms, values and traditions that are carried through from generation to generation. Murray also believes that it is not due to opportunity but believes in an under-class who are a group of either unemployed or unemployable people. He believes that this underclass share there own common norms and values and reject those of mainstream society. He believes that the welfare states are to blame as it means that people do not feel the need to work and can live of the state and reject the idea it is important to hold down a job, thus they turn to criminality. This means that he does not agree that crimes are committed because of the lack of opportunity, but more because of the opportunity to be given money from the state and not have to do anything. Stephen Jones also agrees that there us an underclass, but believes there are also number of side issues such as racial tension and gang warfare that helps to add to the crimes. This view could be supported by crimes in Britain such as the shootings of Letisha Shakespeare and Charlene Ellis in 2003. Overall, it can be said that there are a number of reasons as to why crime rates are high in the lower class. It could be because they are denied access to legitimate means of achieving success as they need to fine some way to succeed. However, it could also be due to the fact that learning environments are created and traditions are passed though the generations making it common and normal in the lower classes for crimes to be committed and normal for aspects such as racial tension to be a big part of life. Therefore, there it could be said that it is not just because of there is a lack of opportunity for members of the lower class, but because they already have there own norms and values of which t follow. How to cite Why Lower status groups have higher crime rates?, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

The Prologue and Tale as a whole Essay Example For Students

The Prologue and Tale as a whole Essay One critic has observed that Chaucer enhances the tale by setting it within the tones of the Pardoners own narrative. How important to you consider Chaucers characterisation of the Pardoner to the effect of the Prologue and Tale as a whole? The life of the tale is there in the living language, and it comes to our senses and mind, our feeling and thought, through the poetry: in reading it, we experience the medieval community, its values, and something of the way human life was carried on in it. Holbrook. Telle us som moral thing, that we may leere Some wit. The Pardoner, at once a fascinating yet repulsive man successfully embraces this request, entertaining both his audience and reader with his tale condemning greed, pride, drunkedness and gambling, all sinnes that the Pardoner himself boasts of. Chaucer uses this stereotypical Pardoner of the 14th Century to both warn us and even preach to us, encouraging his contemporary reader not to be gulled by such a rouge, whose often implausible and inhuman behaviour was not exaggerated, simply taken from similar characters form Chaucers era. He also stresses a universal and timeless message of Radix malorunm est cupiditas. The tale, rich in satire, paradoxes and irony skilfully captures Chaucers knowledge of human nature, whilst continually shifting in tone, style and pace to hold our attention, adding a sense of dark humour, hopefully causing us to laugh out of our own folly. Totally corrupt, this arrogant and vulgar rascal, complete with false bulles and pigges bones abuses his ecclesiastical association, taking pleasure in swindling money from people povre, and even those that will sterve for famine, making apes of both the person and the peple. He also uses his pretended power to reek revenge on those who trespassed against him spitting out his venym under hewe/Of hoolinesse. He is a cynic who scorns those foolish enough to be duped by him, hinting that it is their guilt and desperate need for redemption or even their own greed which leads them to be so easily swayed by him. He lacks repentance or even shame, taking pride and boasting of his avarice, claiming he preaches simply for coveitise. myn entente is nat but for to winne, And nothing for correction of sinne I rekke nevere, whan that they been buried. Though that hir soules goon a blackberied. Ironically the pardoner is so skilled and manipulative that without intending it, he causes others to repent from avarice and gluttony, here Chaucer has added the intervention of good overcoming evil using evil personified (the Pardoner) as a medium. This suggests that despite the Pardoners self-professed ingenious he is not as in control of his life as he likes to deceive himself. The reason why the Pardoner reveals his phoney profession to his party of pilgrims is unclear and often criticised. However it could be argued that this confessional prologue, or apologia is a method in which to entertain the party he is travelling with, knowing that they would not be among the usual victims he normally preys on. Although perhaps he is foolishly allowing his vanity to spill out with the aid of his loosened tongue from the drinke. The Tale that opens in a tavern clearly reflects the dwelling of the Pardoner and his party at the time. This is one of the many examples of obvious irony that saturates the entire tale. The tale itself is typically medieval, based around a strict structure and divided into several clearly separated points tackling each sin (a culpa) individually. His sermon-like build up to the tale proper is tautological, heavily ironic, deeply condemning and vile in places O wombe! O bely! O stinking cod,. Interweaving biblical exempla to strengthen his preaching he also varies the tone and pace continually creating interest. The tale proper itself is not original, and thus takes on a naturalistic conversational tone, making it vivid and believable. .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .postImageUrl , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:visited , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:active { border:0!important; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:active , .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7cd7f86345894fb4996d7692c92ad1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea EssayThe three rioters are not named but simply referred to as the proudeste, the worste and the yongeste Perhaps Chaucer did not give them names in order to focus more on the moral element of the tale rather than minor details. An addition to the inherited story is the old man, his courteousness, thoughtfulness and proper respect for God and death directly contrasts with the rioters rudeness, recklessness and an ignorant disrespect for God and death. Their ill treatment towards him also allows us to feel unsympathetic towards their foreboding death and he advances the plot by leading them directly to the very death they were looking for. Having told the story he once again begins preaching and sermonising, simply covering all the sins that he himself presented in his prologue. Whilst he condemns the rioters for many a grisly oath accusing them of tearing apart Jesus body we are reminded that he opened the tale swearing by nailes and by blood! He is guilty of gluttony as he boasts of taking monie, wolle, chese and whete while pride and drunkedness feature in his claim to drink licor of the vine/And have a joly wench in every toun. His boasts of sexual prowess are undercut by the previous revelation in his portrait that it was sworn he was a gelding or a mare and the description of his grossly effeminate appearance with A voys as smal as a goot. The continual and exaggerated use of irony makes the tale comic, in my opinion the Pardoner is aware of all his vices and his evil, and tells the tale in this way in order to entertain, knowing that he is in fact a ful vicious man. This leads me to disagree with Charles Mosely. We are listening to a soul that is dammed and does not yet know it In my opinion the Pardoner is fully aware that he is dammed, yet is so corrupted that he doesnt take heed of the very religion he preaches, and frankly doesnt care about the destiny of anyones soul, including his own. His ability to cleverly deceive and trick, undoubtedly earns him some admiration from the audience and reader, we as human beings seem to be drawn to evil and darkness, finding it much more interesting than pureness and virtuousness. Therefore through the Pardoner, Chaucer makes an amazing narrator, one who goes against god yet ends up serving him, one bursting with sin so that he not only encourages us to compare his greed, swearing, drinking, gambling and pride with his preaching but also our own. It could be argued that the only point at which the Pardoner fails is when he attempts to fool the audience to which he has just confessed all, a feat too ambitious even for the Pardoner, leaving himself open for ridicule and mockery.

Sunday, March 29, 2020

The Taming Of The Shrew - Humour Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew

The Taming of the Shrew - Humour In The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare creates humour through his characters by creating false realities (as demonstrated by Petruchios behaviour and attire in the scene of his wedding) and by the use of subterfuge and mistaken identity (shown in the final scenes with the transformation of Kate and Biancas respective personas). He also uses irony quite extensively, especially towards the end of the play (as can be seen in the final wager scene). The concept that things are not always as they seem is quite evident in the events surrounding, and including, Petruchios wedding ceremony. This particular scene in the play demonstrates how the use of false realities (a real situation falsely presented in order to deliberately deceive) can be used to create humour. Biondello describes Petruchios appearance to Baptista, and by doing so sets up the expectations of the audience. He says that Petruchio comes wearing: New hat and old jerkin; a pair of old breeches thrice turned; a pair of boots that have been candle-cases, one buckled another laced; an old rusty swordewith a broken hilt and chapeless; his horse hippedwith an old mothy saddle (Act III Scene II) This depiction of Petruchio conforms to Shakespeares technique of using false realities, in order to create humour. This can also be seen in the false identity that Petruchio puts forth in his quest for dominion over Kate (that of the eccentric egomaniac). However, these false realities are not enough by themselves, as the audience has nothing to go by but what they see before them, and so they are not to know that this is not Petruchios true personality, and so Shakespeare employs another essential element of humour: he lets the audience know what is truly transpiring, while the characters themselves remain oblivious to the truth. He does this using a soliloquy, in which Petruchio states the strategies he shall use in order to tame Kate: She ate no meat today nor none shall she eatand as with the meat some undeserved fault Ill find about the making of the bed This is the way to kill a wife with kindnesshe that knows better how to tame a shrew, not let him speak (Act IV Scene I) This soliloquy serves to reinforce the fact that things are not always as they seem. So the knowledge gleaned from this soliloquy means that we find the other events involving Kate and Petruchio even more amusing, as we can see that it is nothing more than an elaborate game of chess, instigated by Petruchio. Another example of where we find humour being generated by the fact that things are not always as they seem is the relationship between Kate and Bianca. Here Shakespeare uses the device of mistaken identity and combines it with a strong sense of irony. On the outside, Kate appears harsh, cruel and frightening to all of the characters. Even her father is scared of her monstrous temper, begging anyone to marry her. Yet as her relationship with Petruchio grows, her true identity emerges and our perception of her changes. She becomes much less of a shrew, her mistaken identity, and begins to become more obsequious and agreeable, her true identity. Despite all of her outward appearances, she is truly a good person in her heart. Yet Biancas scenario is different. She is perceived as a sweet and gentle person, a false conception, devoting herself to her studies and never wanting anything else out of life. Yet once she achieves her goal, to be married, her true self appears. She becomes quar relsome and apathetic. She becomes almost what her sister was. It is here that Shakespeare once again creates humour through the concept that things are not always as they seem. The irony that comes from seeing the reversal of characteristics and the drastic change in our perceptions of Kate and Bianca provide a sense of amusement, and self-righteous satisfaction at the way the tides have turned. An example of this is in the final scene where Petruchio and Lucentio place a wager on the obedience of their wives (Kate and Bianca respectively). Of course Lucentio loses due to Biancas disobedience and near-contempt for her husband, while Petruchio and

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Americas Break from Britain essays

America's Break from Britain essays The American Colonists suffered so many grievances because of the British and their tyrannical nature. In my opinion, the Americans had no choice but to break from Britain. The American colonists were justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain by several economic, social, and political issues. Economically, Britain was without a doubt oppressing the colonists. It can be argued that The Seven Years War was primarily responsible for beginning the friction among the British and their American counterparts, but even before the Seven Years war had ended, Britain had made their presence as a tyrant by passing the Writs of Assistance, in an attempt to stop American merchants from trading with enemies of the British in the French West Indies. The Writs of Assistance negated the constitutional rights of the colonists and marked the beginning of a lengthy period of time in which the British would force their authorities upon the colonists by a number of unfair means. Two of the most prominent among these are the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. John Dickinson, a Pennsylvania political who served in the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, wrote once in Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania, The Parliament unquestionably possesses a legal authority to regulate the trade of Great Britain and al l her colonies. I have looked over every statute...and I find every one of them founded on this principle, till the Stamp Act Administration...Never did the British Parliament [until the passage of the Stamp Act] think of imposing duties in America for the purpose of raising a revenue. [The Townshend Acts claim the authority] to impose duties on these colonies, not for the regulation of trade...but for the single purpose of levying money upon us. By straining the still developing economy of America for their own economic growth, Britain left America little choice but to break from that oppressive leadership. No matter how great th...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example The situation is unexplainable. Indeed the new manger requires a lot of patience, inquiry to all procedures, consultations wit all the stakeholders and apt application of all the business ethics. It observable that, the business ethical conduct should be applied without fear or favor. It is expensive for the company to neglect business ethics (STEWART, 2006). The business ethics aspects touch all the sectors of an organization. For instance, the fairness in trading activities, sales practices, internal audit, transparency and fairness in human resource and so many others. Management, transparency in marketing strategies, safety in production process and many others. In essence, the business ethical conduct is a wide area, which includes numerous aspects (SORELL & HENDRY, 2004). However, there are some key departments such as production, which should be given much concentration particularly on the Delectable’s case. This paper intends to analyze the Delectable’s case in form of questions and providing of opinions. It is imperative to not that, the Delectables’case raises numerous questions on the intentions of both the management and employees. Consider the following analysis. Part A 1. What would you do? Would you blow the whistle? As a middle level manager and with the happenings at Delectables, an ethical manager should raise a whistle to unearth the events and behavior practiced by the employees. Indeed the status of Delectables depicts a rotten society that does not care about the welfare of others. Indeed, numerous questions arise when considering this case. The very first question that needs to be answered through a research is the reason as to why Delectables, which commands 35% of the market niche, is facing financial constraints (SNOEYENBOS, ALMEDER & HUMBER, 2001). Despite the competition created by Prince’s fare and the prevailing overall market conditions, there must be other self caused factors for the falling trend of t he this company. Indeed, from the case, it is observable that, the prevailing conditions in the market space contribute partially to the straining trend of Delectables. A fair part of the financial constraints in this company is a product of the self-caused conditions. These conditions have immensely played a role in diminishing the brand and reputation of Delectable’s. Delectables company’s decline falls further indicated in the fall of the stock price. A thorough research should be done to ascertain the appropriate answers to this question. The perceived research however has some indications of the perceived answers (SHAW, 2000). For instance, the company recorded few food safety cases in 2005, but the recent reports from Georgia plant were the manager reported the presence of Salmonella in peanut butter and similar salmonella food poisoning alleged to have been discovered in the Delectables peanut butter chocolate bars is adequate evidence to link the company with t he food salmonella food poisoning. In actual sense, the question that comes out is the reasons why Delectables refused to release the laboratory tests carried out on the alleged presence of the salmonella (SAGEN, 2002). The business ethics and principles do not give room for limited information dissemination on the status of products especially on the safety and health of the consumers. The issue of salmonella food poisoning might be the major cause of the declining of the company’

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS OF Essay

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS OF TOYOTA - Essay Example 8 million cars were recalled globally which has put the firm in a financial crisis. Moreover, Liker and Hoseus (2007) add that sine the brand’s reliability is now in question especially in the US; it is bound to face many financial challenges even though it is financially more table than rivals Ford and General Motors. Morgan (2010) adds that rrecently Toyota’s shares have fallen 17% since January 2010 which means that the firm is losing its customers due to such episodes. However, being one of the largest in the world, the firm can handle such financial crisis, however, with the economy downturns, and the malfunctions in their models have aggravated the problem and have added to their financial difficulties. Kotelnikov (2010) adds that they plan to alleviate the losses with their innovativeness and attracting new customers with their attractive new models, however, the recall has damaged their reputation and they have the customer trust which in turn has affected their financial position. Their financial position has been affected in the US and Europe though its repercussions will be felt r global sales as the consumers lose their trust in the brand. As per Liker and Hoseus (2007) Toyota is working globally and thus has operations in various parts of the world that include for both manufacturing and assembling lines in Japan Canada, Indonesia, Canada, Poland, South Africa , Turkey, UK, US Brazil France, India, Pakistan, Malaysia etc . They are manufacturing and assembling their different brands across the markets as per the needs of the markets. However, Morgan (2010) explains that Toyota has been known for using it’s just in time inventory which has made their production process much more efficient. Due to strong relations with its supplier Kim and Smith (2001, pp. 211-222) add that Toyota has been able to keep

Monday, January 27, 2020

Relationship Between Consumers Behaviour And Purchasing Green Products Marketing Essay

Relationship Between Consumers Behaviour And Purchasing Green Products Marketing Essay Green products refer to a green product is one that causes almost no damage to the environment and a product is made out of recyclable and renewable materials. (Edge, 2010) The second definition is green products minimize the damage or harm some production methods can have on our air, water, soil, animal life and plants. (Osborn, 2010) As the green products have gained popularity in the Malaysia market more consumers will focus to the greener products. Therefore, this will influence many organisations and industries will manufacture the product for their company. In addition, for the green products that is in many area of the industry such as automobile industry the hybrid car or environment friendly car. In addition, green products included energy star appliance, energy efficient electronics, environmentally friendly household products, alternative transportation, organic foods, fair trade coffee, organic cotton and hemp apparel, natural skin and personal care products. Therefore, t o be successful within green market it is important to tie the products environmental attributes to the lifestyles of the target consumers. Furthermore, to protect our earth people not only buying or using the green products, but the consumer now require high services when they consumption to the product. Therefore, organizations not only focus on their green products but it also provides the green services for their consumer. In the 21 century, many service industries also follow the step to provide their green service, such as in the tourism now it becomes ecotourism. The definition of ecotourism is ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that fosters environmental and culture understanding, appreciation and conservation. (Safari, 2010) It also is the travel that preserves the environment and promotes the welfare of local people. Travellers that are interested in ecotourism want to enjoy natures offerings, but do it in a way that does not negatively impact the natural resource. According to the Malaysian government, healthcare travel as one of the potential services to genera te nation economic growth therefore Malaysia is fast-gaining recognition as a preferred destination for healthcare travellers. (International Medical Travel Journal, 2010) Theory of Reasoned Action The Theory of Reasoned Action was established in 1975 and modified in 1980 by Ajzen and Fishbein. According the Ajzen and Fishbein suggested that the attitudes could explain human action therefore, this theory was used to study on human behaviour and develop appropriate interventions. The key assumption of this theory is that individuals are assumed usually quite rational and make systematic use of information available to them. People consider the implications of their actions before they decide to engage or not engage in a given behaviour. (Ajzen, I and Fishbein, M, 1980) Therefore, the consumers behaviour is the main consequence to impact consumers perspective to purchase the green products. For example, if our attitude leads us to want to purchasing the green product but dont have enough money to consumption, so because of lack of money will prevent people attitude from causing to purchase the green product. In addition, consumers perspective not only the personal behaviour, but it also influence by the social environmental such as friends and family. That is, whenever our attitudes lead us to do one thing but the relevant norms suggest we should do something else, both factors influence our behavioural intent. Environmental Concern Malaysia is the developing country that faced great challenges in ensuring a balance between development and environment sustainability. Environmental concern defined as a global attitude with indirectly to effects on behaviour through behavioural intention. The consumers perspective is influence by the environment concern because recently many problems of global warming such as earthquakes and tsunami in this worlds. (Cosby, 1981) Environmental concern is also sometime known as ecological concern, which refers to the degree of emotionality, the amount of specific factual knowledge, and the level of willingness as well as the extent of actual behaviour on pollution-environmental issues. In Malaysia, the environmental management is conducted by the federal government which is cooperation between Department of Environment (DOE) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE). In the main objective is to administer the 1974 Environment Quality Act (EQA) is established to providers the framework for environmental regulation in Malaysia. Along with findings that a consumers environmental awareness is viewed as a pre-condition for green consumption, environmental concern is an important determinant of consumer behaviour toward organic products. (Paladino, 2005) Environmentally responsible consumption emanated from criticism that the marketing concept ignored the impact of individual consumption upon society as a whole. For the marketers, environmentalism has become a standard influencing consumers perspective. Consumers they consider the environment to be important will therefore evaluate the environmental consequences associated with the purchase of a product. So consumers may be purchase of green products, if the environmental consequences are important enough to them. For example, there is a need for creating and marketing an environment friendly car or hybrid car which is going to have reduced detrimental impacts on the mother earth and creating a sizeable awareness to the human action. In addition, the natural resources like fuel face limited problem, human they must develop new or alternative ways of satisfying these unlimited wants. Consumers perceived level of self-involvement towards the protection of the environment may prevent them from engaging in environmentally friendly activities such as recycling. (Wiener, 1990) Therefore, (Dahab, 1995) measured intent by asking consumers to indicate whether a recycling activity was something they are currently doing, something they intend to do, something they may not do, or something they probably will nor do. After research information above that approve the strong influence of the individual consequences on intention explains that consumers they are high levels of environmental concern but not exhibit pro-environmental behaviours. In the general belief among researchers and environmental activities that through purchasing green products, products with recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers can contribute significantly to improve the quality of the environment. (Abdul-Muhmin, 2007) According the information of demographic, today still have many traditional rural communities in Malaysia and it still use a large number of species of medicinal purposes. This traditional knowledge has been used by pharmaceutical companies in their search of new drugs, especially from developing countries with high biodiversity and long tradition of the use of plants for medicinal purposes. In addition, today the healthcare travel is become popular to the local and foreigner tourist. Therefore, the establishment of the Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council (MTHC) will bring the efforts of because Malaysia is rich with the natural resources to manufacture the green products and green services. (International Medical Travel Journal, 2010) In this few years, tourism is the second highest earner of foreign currency every year growth of 7.3%, and the ecotourism is the part of the faster growing within tourism industry. Malaysia with its outstanding biodiversity and scenic natural environmen t has been successfully promoted as an ecotourism and nature-oriented tourism destination in recent years. For example, Sipandan Island, Redang Island and Layang-layang Island are considered to be among some of the worlds best nature island loving by local and foreigner tourist. (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2006) Price Requirements of Green Products In last few years, many firms are suffered the problem of alternative energy because the actual demand for the resource and material is high to supply to manufacture non green products. (Leslie J. Vermillion. and Justin, 2010) Therefore, this impact the market selling price is expensive with the material cost is high, but nowadays firms can get supply material by solar panels and wind turbines to manufacture the green products such as hybrid car. Although the prices is high but the green product is of high quality is reasonably to the priced and consumers are able to pay more money for them. In the 21 century, from Rothe and Bensons (1974) notion of intelligent consumption for every consumer when they consumption of the products or services. (Rothe, 1974) Malaysian consumer has rights that are under protected by the regulations and various laws in Malaysia. For example, Federation of Malaysian Consumers Association (FOMCA) is the non-governmental establish by consumers organization t o defend the rights and interests of consumers that including control the green products market price. (FOMCA, 2009) Therefore, the consumers have more power than ever before to use intelligent agents to get the reasonable prices for the products and services, bid price on various offerings and promotion. Green consumer have evolved and research to understand the awareness levels of the consumer towards the green products and willingness to accept and pay a premium for the green product. In Malaysia, although consumer seems to be in favour of green product and willing to pay it but the government are taking their tolls or taxes on the peoples budgets. Therefore, by collect the taxes from the consumer when purchasing the green product are effects of the weakening Malaysias economy. Despite the Malaysia economic downturn to impact the people income level, but they still are willing to pay green products to reduce the emit carbon dioxide to save the earth. According to the 2009 National Green Buying Research survey, four of five people claim to still be buying green products throughout the recession. (GreenSeal, 2009) In latest few years, Malaysias government offers many environmental incentives for the manufacturing sector to reduce their cost to impact the selling price decrease. For example, organization have capital rebate up to 50 percent and exemption on import duties and sales tax for purchase of recycling machineries. Furthermore, in Malaysia culture background also related to perceptions of price and perceived fairness of the green products, therefore this report will research the Malaysian between Malay, Chinese and Indian who they more accepting than other ethnicities of price premiums on green products and organic foods. (Arnold, 2008) So from the Leslie J. Vermillions research 65% of consumers feel that paying more for sustainable products is not an option. (Leslie J. Vermillion. and Justin, 2010) This show that, the growth in consumption of the green products or services and it focuses on the factor such as high quality and health benefits to the consumers. (Arnold, 2008) According the reported, in the America State the green market is about $250 billion, while 63 million of consumers are directed in order to buy pure green products and reject the non viable alternative, offered to them by the conventional market. (Reitman, 1992) Quality of Green Products The product content requirements from consumers specify that purchased products must have desirable green attributes such as recycled or reusable items. In the Malaysia, company can require their suppliers must have to develop and maintain the Environmental Management Systems (EMS) to certify as fully compliant with one of the recognized international standards such as ISO 14001 and Green Guard Certification. In addition, in Malaysia green purchasing activities are carried out by large firms in order to control the performance of suppliers. For example, electronics industry such as Sony, HP, Intel and Microsoft have established the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct (EICC). (Tarig Khidir ElTayeb, 2010) This code approve that the health and safety, environment, and business ethics to the products before supply to the shop. This evidence many large firms tend to set strict green standard for their purchased inputs and require their suppliers have same standard to strict the quality of green products. Therefore, the prices of the green products are expensive because one of the impacts is the higher of quality. For example, the indoor air quality of green building is significantly higher than other methods of building because environmentally friendly products are used in the building process such as high quality carpeting and paint to more healthy. (Saga, 2005) The consumers perspective towards green products has produced conflicting results in its analysis of whether or not consumers believe green products are lower or higher quality. According (DSouza, 2007) studies, found that consumers believe that green products are priced higher and of poorer quality than the non-green alternative. Therefore, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) and Department of Environment (DOE) will cooperation with the NGO to inspect the quality and healthy towards the green attributes such as recycled or reusable material items to manufacture the green products. In addition, restrictions to the green product must not contain environmentally undesirable attributes of chemical material such as lead, CFC chlorofluorocarbons, and plastic foam in packaging material. Although the results did vary between the green products with non environmental products, almost half of the respondents in the countries surveyed indicated that green products offer compara ble the quality over conventional alternatives. Education and Supplier Information Recently, there is an environmental or ecological angle to virtually everything in the world. It is now commonplace to hear of recycle products or green products, organic food, eco-tourism, hybrid car or environment friendly car, green housekeeping, eco-building, greening libraries (e-library) and also eco-feminism. (Ephraim, 2003) Therefore, the education and technology are very important for the new generation to creativity and innovative the product to become a green ideas and concept to save earth. Recently in the Malaysia, more versus less information to the Malaysian therefore without the information that will influence the consumers confident towards the green products. If the knowledge gap and information with more detail on the uses and values of green products prevents consumers in committing themselves to any purchase decisions. According the concept of ecological imperatives by Fisk (1973) reflect that the need to educate the consumer to become aware of environmental prob lems and their relation to their consumption and perspective to the green products. (Fisk, 1973) In addition, from the understanding the subject and the outcome of the study should help marketers and the government to device the strategies which will motivate the customers to buy green product and save the earth. Today, every standard of education in Malaysia from kindergarten until university should educate the knowledge about the problems consequence by the humans attitude to destroy the earth. For example, every one also know the vehicular pollution is a bigger threat to human health than any other type of air pollution because this pollution exists at that level from where humans use air to breath. Therefore, human in the 21 century they must learn and get the knowledge to take action to reduce the global warming. Such as research the new source like replace driving fuel in future, low pollution cars, less eat meat change to be vegetarian food and making the homes energy efficient. (Brower, 1999) In addition, educators and writers may also be considered green workers if they focus on informing people about green principles such as books author. An educator might do this at an elementary school as part on the subject. (Admin, 2011) In the conclusion, consumers with higher education levels are more inclined to buy green because they got knowledge to do a lot of research to the green products or services before purchasing. According to (Neff, 2007) studies, Hispanic and Asian populations are more likely to be green consumers than African Americans. For example, college students in order to get them demand that the universities use their environmentally friendly products. In the Malaysia, the information and education to the people are less and no distinct to the public. Therefore consumers they cant get the information of green products with more detail. This is because many companies tend to exaggerate the environmental benefits of using their products. In addition, it also has some companies mislead the information and knowledge to the consumers about the biodegradability and recyclability of their products. Because of the unethical firm attach importance to the profitability and deceptive practice of companies attempts to make themselves appear more environmentally friendly than they actually are, therefore causing the environmental marketing claims are often vague and confusing. (Deen Shireen, 2002) In this case, many environmental organizations and the ministry of the environment, such as Resources for Living Green and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE), are also taking action to prevent and protect companies from deceiving cust omers about the eco-friendliness of their products. Although more than half of consumers wanted more detailed information, many consumers they wanted the labels with used simpler words to easy understanding. According (Drichoutis et al., 2006), the type of information to be relevant and suggest that consumers might be unwilling to evaluate more complicated information. Furthermore, (Heimbach, 1982) also explain that more information is not always better and that consumers prefer information that directly concerns their health. Therefore, organic products are viewed as promoting a healthy lifestyle, it appears that values concerned with health and environment influence attitudes toward buying organic food. In the Malaysia, if without the education and information for the consumer that will influence the marketplace and profit for the organization. Therefore, the green education is very important to educate the dumb million about the knowledge of green products and reduce, reuse and recycle.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Where to Build a Wind Farm?

In my opinion, the best place to build a wind farm in Cumbria is off the shore of Allonby. This is because; it has a lot of advantages which suit it, for being the best place to build a wind farm; as of its location and ingenious ideology behind it. Moreover, it is an offshore wind farm, which means that it will benefit a lot of homes, as at the sea it is extremely windy. Thus, a lot of electricity is generated, providing a lot of electricity than usual. However, some people would say that, because it is near a town, it’ll be very noisy and distracting to tourists and residents, and will even be an ‘eyesore. On the contrary, the wind farm will be 3 metres away from the land, so there is the least possibility of noise pollution and intervention. Furthermore, some people think that wind farms are quite attractive to look at and would be inquisitive about them when going on holiday. This would bring more tourists to Allonby and make it more popular; are helps the economy by bringing more jobs to Allonby such as information centre employees. This would educate the future generations to elaborate more of wind energy and alternative sources, to help the world’s situation.Also, being it the sea, there is a lot of space to build a wind farm, as there are no other possible variables that could affect it; and the decision to build a wind farm would be eliminated. However, there is the issue of it being in the sea so there is the problem of accessing the wind farm in the first place, if any problems arise with it. If something occurred and there was no way of fixing it as it is in the sea, then the homes and appliances relying on this wind energy, would be without power; and would be very disappointed – a major problem.Notwithstanding, this issue can be sorted out, as it is accessible by either a boat or a helicopter – to try and sort the problem out. However, it won’t be perfect, and sometimes issues may arise, so the government n eeds to think of other ways of access. In addition, the next best choice to build a wind farm would have been, Caldbeck Fells. This is because, it had a lot of advantages as Allonby, however it had some minor points which proved it to be less worthy and eliminated it. Firstly, Caldbeck Fells is on high exposed land which means there is a lot of wind available, which can power a lot of homes in Cumbria and electrical appliances.Also, it is a remote area, meaning no one will be perturbed or disturbed by it; and it will prove beneficial. Exceedingly, it is accessible by country lanes, so if something goes wrong, the maintenance team can access it by car. However, a major factor let it down, which was the fact that; it is just outside a national park, and a national park is preserved for outstanding natural beauty. People say that, if a wind farm were to be built here, then people would be repelled by it and will not choose to visit it – and it may mean the obstruction of birds, wildlife, ecosystems and scenery.However, to reiterate some people may like the idea of watching wind farms, as evidence in Scotland suggests that 8 out of 10 people have said, they would want to find out more about it. Also, it would have made the National Park more popular. Unfortunately, in my opinion, it may be a disadvantage to the fact of, that it may upset ecosystems and wildlife so many ornithologists, animal welfare support groups may protest, demolishing the request to build. Additionally, there were many sites that could’ve qualified for wind farm building, but had a lot of negative factors.Some sites have a lot of space to build wind farms and have a lot of wind availability, so a lot of electricity can be generated like Burgh by Sands. However, it has marshland, and a wind farm cannot be built as of its instability and it is close to a city (Carlisle) which means that, it can possibly disturb tourism activity or increase it, and create noise problems. Also, it wo uld obstruct birds, ecosystems and plants. Besides, Anthorn was on the coast and had some roads, so cars can get through for maintenance, however it had some radio masts and it would interfere with radio signals and be an additional ‘eyesore. Moreover, Skiddaw could’ve had the winning chance, but some factors limited it. It had high ground and plenty of spaces, as there were essentially no buildings and it would not affect anyone in terms of noise, as it was on a high mountain. However, it is part of the Lake District and the famous town Bassenthwaite is next to it; and it can be very unattractive. However, as it being closer to a town, it can provide jobs. Albeit, it cannot be accessible to any transport, as it will be high on a mountain; but a helicopter can be the solution.However, the problem cannot be sorted out as thorough. Wind energy is an excellent alternative energy source, as it doesn’t harm the environment – it just uses wind to drive the turbi nes, which spin around to drive the generator to generate electricity. As for crude oil and fossil fuels, they are running out and also harm the environment. However, this clean energy can very easily be generated. UK has a lot of wind energy up in its highlands, so is ideal for this and wind energy on average provides 2200 GW of energy which is essential for homes, rather than power stations.However, there is not enough land sometimes or not enough wind to drive these turbines which can create an issue; and powerless homes sometimes. So, the government is planning to build offshore wind farms 3 metres off land, which are ideal as here is constantly a lot of wind, generating lots of electricity. It would be ideal to choose offshore wind energy rather than expensive crude oil, as wind energy is renewable and affordable in means of one erected wind turbine can power thousands of homes, and is renewable – so will not run out.Coastal wind farms, also increase tourist activity and are known as peaceful. Momentarily, there is a lot of issue over global warming and crude oil running out. There are issues of sustaining wind power stations in the UK. In my opinion, I believe that, offshore wind farms are the way forward for UK as it will not be any obstruction. However, the government may want to look into other alternatives such as geothermal energy, tidal wave energy – as of a lot of coastal areas. Also, the issue of nuclear power can be looked into, however it may hazardous if something wrong occurs.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Anatomy Week 3

Honors Enrichment Questions Week 3 1) What are chemotherapeutic drugs? Research two and explain how they work against cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs are used during chemotherapy and are a treatment for cancer. Leustatin- used for hairy cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. It is an infusion through a vein and it attacks cells at very specific phases in the cycle. Taxol- used for treatment of breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal, and other types of solid tumor cancers.Attacks cells during certain phases of the process. 2) What is hydrocortisone and when used, how does this reduce cell damage? It is a steroid hormone that is produced by adrenal cortex and used medicinally to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism. It helps reduce cell damage because it is a steroid that helps prevent inflammation of cells and tissues. 3) If a molecule comes toward the cell, how is it decided if the molecule will be ta ken in using active or passive transport?Passive transport is moving biochemical and atomic or molecular substances across the cell membrane but unlike active transport it does not involve chemical energy. Active transport is transporting things from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration, and it uses energy. Depending on whether it needs energy and the transports or places that it goes through will depend on whether it will use active or passive. 4) Explain in your own words, the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. The DNA molecule will unwind and unzip as the hydrogen bonds between the break of the bases.RNA nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases of one of the strands and as they pair up with their pairs the sugar phosphate groups are bonded together to form the new molecule called mRNA. 5) How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in   structure and function? Endocrine glands are ductless glands that diffuse into the blood to be used in the body suc h as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands while exocrine glands retain their ducts and empty through ducts to the epithelial surface that includes sweat and oil glands, liver, and the pancreas.

Friday, January 3, 2020

An Overview Of The Indian Copyright Act International Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6671 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? The Indian Copyright Act laws have been formulated on the basis of several of the International laws, conventions and agreements. Despite this, several differences exist within the scope of each of these laws. Also, the intensity of copyright law enforcement in India is not as effective as in the other countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Overview Of The Indian Copyright Act International Law" essay for you Create order For this purpose, a comparison of the copyrights situation in India with the copyrights situations in other countries, will give a better view of the advantages, differences and the shortcomings, in the existing legal system in India. An overview and a subsequent analysis, is being made with respect to: The copyrights situation in India and the copyrights situations in the three countries namely USA, Canada Australia; The societies involved in protection of copyrights in India and also other countries; The findings from the analysis, has been presented in the form of evaluations of the copyright statutes in other countries and the existing drawbacks in India. Before going into the comparative analysis, a brief overview of the history of copyrights in the world, and subsequent developments in copyrights in the international scenario, will be able to offer a better understanding and perspective of the analysis presented thereof. V.2. Origin Growth of Copyrights 1 The concept Copyrights was introduced after the invention of the printing press and the growth of public awareness. It has its origins in Britain in the 17th Century, in order to bring about a transformation to the monopolies of printers. V.2.1. Licensing Act 1962 The King of England passed the Licensing Act of 1662 which necessitated a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers Company, for the benefit of printers. V.2.2. Statute of Anne In 1709, The Statute of Anne was the first real copyright act, which gave rights for a fixed period, to the authors in the new state of Britain, after which the copyright expired. Ever since, Copyright has grown from a legal concept regulating copying rights in the publishing of books and maps to one with a significant effect on nearly every modern industry covering items such as sound recordings, films, photographs, software, and architectural works. Internationally, the first ever Copyright convention called the Berne Convention was held on the 9 September 1886, at Switzerland, which set out the scope of copyright protection, and is still in force to this day. V.3. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886 2 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is an international agreement about copyright, which was first adopted in Berne, Switzerland in 1886. Under the Berne Convention, copyrights for creative works do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation, i.e., an author need not register or apply for a copyright. As soon as a work written, its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work and to any derivative works, unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them, or until the copyright expires. The Berne Convention also resulted in foreign authors being treated equivalently to domestic authors, in any country signed onto the Convention. Prior to the adoption of the Berne Convention, national copyright laws would only apply for works created within each country. For ex: A work published in Paris by a French national would be covered by copyright in France, but could be copied and sold b y anyone in the United Kingdom. Similar to the Paris Convention of 1883 for the protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention set up a bureau to handle the administrative tasks. In 1893, these two small bureaus merged and became the United International Bureaus for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI), situated in Berne. In 1967 BIRPI became WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization, which, since 1974, is an organization within the United Nations. V.3.1. Berne Convention was revised in the following years: 1896 (Paris), 1908 (Berlin), 1914 (Berne), 1928 (Rome), 1948 (Brussels), 1967 (Stockholm), 1971 (Paris), Amended in 1979 (Paris) V.3.2. Countries which became parties to the Berne Convention United Kingdom signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement it until 100 years later, when the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 was passed. The United States refused initially to become a party to the Convention. However, on March 1, 1989, the US Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 came into force. Since almost all nations are members of the World Trade Organization, the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement requires non-members to accept the conditions of the Berne Convention. As of April 2007, 163 countries, including India, are parties to the Berne Convention. The following requirements were mentioned under the Berne Convention: All works except photographic and cinematographic shall be copyrighted for at least 50 years after the authors death (but the concerned parties are free to provide longer terms). Photography a minimum term of 25 years from the year the photograph was created Cinematography a minimum is 50 years after first showing, or 50 years after creation if it hasnt been shown within 50 years after the creation. Countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works (such as phonorecords and motion pictures) may be provided shorter terms. Although the Berne Convention states that the copyright law of the country where copyright is claimed shall be applied, article 7.8 states that unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work i.e. an author is normal ly not entitled a longer copyright abroad than at home, even if the laws abroad give a longer term. This is known as the rule of the shorter term. It can be stated that the Berne convention has inspired several countries like India to frame their own legislations on Intellectual property rights protection and also enter into a global agreement such as TRIPS. V.4. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 3 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest. WIPO was established by the WIPO Convention in 1967 with a mandate from its Member States to promote the protection of IP throughout the world through cooperation among states and in collaboration with other international organizations. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. The members of the Berne Union are required to recognize the copyright of works of authors from other member countries, in the same way it recognizes the copyright of its own nationals. For instance, French copyright law applies to anything published or performed in France, regardless of where it was originally created. A system of equal treatment was established, which int ernationalized copyright amongst its members. The agreement also required member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyright law. Aspects related to Performers, which were not included in Berne Convention, were covered under the Rome Convention, which can be viewed as follows. V.5. Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations 1961 4 The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations was accepted by members of the World Intellectual Property Organization on October 26, 1961. The agreement extended copyright protection for the first time from the author of a work to the creators and owners of particular, physical manifestations of intellectual property, such as audiocassettes or DVDs. The Convention secures protection in performances of performers, phonograms of producers of phonograms and broadcasts of broadcasting organizations, and the provisions are: V.5.1. Performers Actors, singers, musicians, dancers and other persons who perform literary or artistic works are protected against certain acts they have not consented to. Such acts are: the broadcasting and the communication to the public of their live performance; the fixation of their live performance; the reproduction of such a fixation if the original fixation was made without their consent or if the reproduction is made for purposes different from those for which they gave their consent. V.5.2. Producers of phonograms Producers of phonograms enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms. Phonograms are defined in the Rome Convention as meaning any exclusively aural fixation of sounds of a performance or of other sounds. When a phonogram published for commercial purposes gives rise to secondary uses (such as broadcasting or communication to the public in any form), a single equitable remuneration must be paid by the user to the performers, or to the producers of phonograms, or to both; contracting States are free, however, not to apply this rule or to limit its application. V.5.3. Broadcasting organizations Broadcasting organizations enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit certain acts, namely: the rebroadcast of their broadcasts; the fixation of their broadcasts; the reproduction of such fixations; the communication to the public of their television broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to the public against payment of an entrance fee. The Rome Convention allows exceptions in national laws to the above-mentioned rights as regards private use, use of short excerpts in connection with the reporting of current events, ephemeral fixation by a broadcasting organization by means of its own facilities and for its own broadcasts, use solely for the purpose of teaching or scientific research and in any other cases. Also, once a performer has consented to the incorporation of his performance in a visual or audiovisual fixation, the provisions on performers rights have no further application. Protection must last at least until the end of a period of 20 years comp uted from the end of the year in which: (a) The fixation was made, for phonograms and for performances; (b) The performance took place, for performances not incorporated in phonograms; (c) The broadcast took place, for broadcasts. However, national laws ever more frequently provide for a 50-year term of protection, at least for phonograms and for performances. WIPO is responsible, jointly with the ILO and UNESCO, for the administration of the Rome Convention. These three organizations constitute the Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Committee set up under the Convention and consisting of the representatives of 12 Contracting States. The Convention does not provide for the institution of a Union or a budget. It establishes an Intergovernmental Committee composed of Contracting States, which considers questions concerning the Convention. This Convention is open to all states that are party to the Berne Convention of 1886 or to the Universal Copyright Conve ntion. Instruments of ratification or accession must be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. States may make reservations with regard to the application of certain provisions. V.6. WTO Agreement on TRIPS 5 The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of Intellectual Property regulation. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994. The TRIPS agreement is an attempt to narrow the gaps in the way these rights are protected around the world, and to bring them under common international rules. It establishes minimum levels of protection that each government has to give to the intellectual property of fellow WTO members. When there are trade disputes over intellectual property rights, the WTO dispute settlement system is now available. Similar to the GATT GATS, non-discrimination was described as: (a) National treatment i.e., treating ones own nationals and foreigners equally; (b) Most-favored-nation treatment i.e., equal treatment for nationals of al l trading partners in the WTO); (c) Intellectual property protection should contribute to technical innovation and the transfer of technology. The second part of the TRIPS agreement looks at different kinds of intellectual property rights and how to protect them. The purpose is to ensure that adequate standards of protection exist in all member countries. Areas not covered under the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention was covered under the TRIPS agreement. It is observed that most of the items listed in the GATT are highly relevant to performing artists. Provisions under the TRIPS agreement Copyright terms must extend to 50 years after the death of the author, although films and photographs are only required to have 50 and 25 year terms, respectively.(Art.  7(2),(4)) Copyright must be granted automatically, and not based upon any formality, such as registrations or systems of renewal. Computer programs must be regarded as literary works under copyright law and receive the same terms of protection. National exceptions to copyright (such as fair use in the United States) are constrained by the Berne three-step test Patents must be granted in all fields of technology, although exceptions for certain public interests are allowed (Art.  27.2 and 27.3) and must be enforceable for at least 20 years (Art 33). Exceptions to the exclusive rights must be limited, provided that a normal exploitation of the work (Art.  13) and normal exploitation of the patent (Art  30) is not in conflict. No unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate in terests of the right holders of computer programs and patents is allowed. Legitimate interests of third parties have to be taken into account by patent rights (Art  30). V.7. Relevance of International conventions treaties to India The Indian Copyright Act today is compliant with most international conventions and treaties in the field of copyrights.   India is a member of the Berne Convention of 1886 (as modified at Paris in 1971), the Universal Copyright Convention of 1951 and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of 1995. Though India is not a member of the Rome Convention of 1961, the Copyright Act, 1957 is fully compliant with the Rome Convention provisions. Two new treaties, collectively termed as Internet Treaties, were negotiated in 1996 under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).   These treaties are called the WIPO Copyrights Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT).   These treaties were negotiated essentially to provide for protection of the rights of copyright holders, performers and producers of phonograms in the Internet and digital era.   India is not a member of these treaties as yet. The onus of the execution of the Copyright Act in India falls on the Copyright office. The issue of licenses and collecting royalties is taken care of by the registered copyright societies. In this respect, an overview of the registered copyright societies in India will give a clearer picture of the actual Copyrights in India. V.8. Overview of Registered Copyright Societies in India 6 A copyright society is a registered collective administration society. Such a society is formed by copyright owners. The minimum membership required for registration of a society is seven. Ordinarily, only one society is registered to do business in respect of the same class of work. A copyright society can issue or grant licenses in respect of any work in which copyright subsists or in respect of any other right given by the Copyright Act. There are five well known copyright societies in India, which include: V.8.1. IPRS 7 The Indian Performing Right Society Limited came into existence on 23rd August 1969. The IPRS is a representative body of Owners of Music, viz. The Composers, Lyricists (or Authors) and the Publishers of Music and is also the sole authorized body to issue Licenses, permitting usage of Music within India by any person. The society is a non-profit making organization and is a Company Limited by Guarantee and Registered under the Companies Act, 1956. It is also registered under Section 33 of the Copyright Act, 1957 as a Copyright Society in India, to issue licenses for usage of music. IPRS is presently the only national copyright society in the country which is permitted to commence and carry on copyright business in musical works and any words or any action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music. It has received the certificate of registration from the registrar of copyrights on 27th of March, 1996. IPRS collects royalties and distribute this amongst copyright own ers, after deducting its administrative costs. Members of IPRS As according to the available information on membership, Dr.M.Balamuralikrishna, Sri.K.J.Yesudas, Pt.Ramnarayan, Smt.Shubha Mudgal, Pt.Hariprasad Chaurasia, Sri.L.Krishnan, are the only few classical musicians who are registered as members of IPRS. No classical musician or classical dancer, arts organization, arts institution or other audio broadcasting company from Hyderabad Secunderabad has taken membership with IPRS. V.8.2. PPL 8 The Indian Phonographic Industry (IPI), the Association of Phonogram Producers, was established in 1936, and it was Instrumental in finalizing the broadcasting license arrangement in India. Subsequently, IPI members decided to form a specialized body to administer their Public Performance and broadcasting rights, and PPL came into being in 1941. The IPI changed its name to The Indian Music Industry (IMI) in 1994. PPL has been functioning as the Performing Rights Society for Sound Recordings. After the recent amendments in copyright law, PPL was registered with the registrar of copyrights in 1996, as a copyright society, permitted to carry on business in sound recordings. The functions of PPL include (a) Issue of Licenses for usage of sound recordings; (b) Music reporting which requires the licensees to provide data on their works; (c) Documentation of members sound recordings; and (d) Distribution of royalties to members. Members of PPL The only member of PPL from Hyderabad: Aditya Music (India) Pvt. Ltd. No classical musician or classical dancer, arts organization, arts institution or other audio broadcasting company from Hyderabad Secunderabad has taken membership PPL, nor are any music or dance related documents registered with the society. V.8.3. IMI 9 Indian Music Industry was established on 28th Feb 1936 as the Indian Phonographic Industry (IPI), and is second oldest music companies associations in the world engaged in defending, preserving and developing the rights of phonogram producers, and actively promoting and encouraging advancement of creativity and culture, through sound recordings. Rechristened Indian Music Industry (IMI) in 1994, it is a non-commercial and not for profit making organization affiliated to the International Federation of Phonographic Industry (IFPI) and is registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act. IMI members includes major record companies in India, which represent over 75% of the output in legitimate recordings and a wide range of musical repertoire. In spite of the fact that IMI has been instrumental in conducting hundreds of anti-piracy raids spanning the length and breadth of the country, the Indian music industry has lost of over Rs.1800 crores in the past three years. IM I plays an increasingly vital role in activities such as Anti-piracy Campaign, Promoting copyright law and its enforcement, Supporting International Copyright conventions, promoting new technologies mainly for assisting right owners, Liaising with the Government in industry matters, and helping public awareness about copyright. Members of IMI Aditya Music (India) Pvt Ltd Hyderabad Sohan Music Secunderabad are the only two members from Hyderabad, for this organization. Dr.K.J.Yesudas is the only classical musician cum movie singer whose company is a member of this organization. No audio company or broadcasting organization, or individuals from Hyderabad Secunderabad are members of IMI. Since IMI is a movie industry based copyright society, there are no members from the classical music and classical dance fraternity. V.8.4. IRRO 10 The Indian Reprographic Rights Organization (IRRO) is a non-profit making organization. Its members are Indian and International authors and publishers. The IRRO was incorporated in the year of 2000 with the active participation of Authors Guilds of India and The Federation of Indian Publishers. The society has been registered by the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India, vide Registration No. CS/04/reprographic rights in the field of literary works/2002 dated 28th June 2002, as a Copyright Society under sub-section (3) of section 33 of the Copyright Act, 1957. IRRO is exclusively permitted to commence and carry on the Copyright business of reprographic rights in the field of literary works in India. IRRO is a member of the International Federation Reprographic Rights Organization (IFRRO). IRRO is the sole licensing authority in India, to issue licenses to users of copyrighted literary works of its members, and collect the royalties on their behalf, and distribute them. The society represents numerous authors and publishers of India, as well as foreign authors and publishers. Members of IRRO There is no membership information given for this organization, hence it needs to be verified, whether any of the authors or publishers in India, who are into publishing literary works for classical music and classical dance, have either registered or taken the support of this organization in copyright protection, so far. There are no registered members of IRRO, amongst those who have undertaken literary works in classic music and classical dance, in Hyderabad Secunderabad. V.8.5. SIMCA 11 South India Music Companies Association was set up in 1996, as an Association of Music Producers to look after the common problems faced by the Industry in South India. The membership of the association included those who belonged to IMI and/or PPL. SIMCA undertook some spectacular work in anti-piracy action and conducted raids all over the four States. It also represented to the State Governments regarding the need to contain piracy. In its limited way the association played a leading role in protecting the interests of the Producers of Music in South India. Activities of SIMCA include: Anti-Piracy, Regulating for the new economy, Radio, Ringtones, Digital Downloads, and Acting as a clearing house for music industry. Members of SIMCA Madhura Entertainment and Twenty Four Frames Factory Pvt. Ltd are the only two companies from Hyderabad, who are members of SIMCA. Since this is a copyright society for the purpose of the activities of the Film Music Industry in India, there are no classical musicians or dancers associated with this society. Despite such systematic regulations and legislations, the copyrights situation in India has not gained much momentum as compared to other countries. Though the provisions appear to be are similar, it is observed that the enforcement of Copyright laws is much more stringent in other countries as compared to India. An overview of the Copyrights situation in other countries, will give a clearer view. V.9. Copyrights situations in other countries 12 For the purpose of comparison and analysis, an overview of the legal provisions with respect to copyrights protection in three different countries has been observed. The copyrights situation in USA, Canada Australia can be viewed as under: V.10. Copyrights in the USA and Canada 13 It is a principle of American law that an author of a work may reap the fruits of his or her intellectual creativity for a limited period of time. Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States for original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, architectural, cartographic, choreographic, pantomimic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, and audiovisual creations. Copyright literally means the right to copy. The term has come to mean that body of exclusive rights granted by law to authors for protection of their work. The owner of copyright has the exclusive right: to reproduce, distribute, and, in the case of certain works, publicly perform or display the work; to prepare derivative works; in the case of sound recordings, to perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission; or to license others to engage in the same acts under specific terms and conditions. Copyright protection does not extend to any idea , procedure, process, slogan, principle, or discovery. Copyright requires a certain amount of intellectual labor; consequently, short dance phrases are not copyrightable, much the same as individual words or short verbal phrases are not. Ideas in someones head is not copyrightable, neither are improvised speeches or performances that have not been written down or recorded. Such works are automatically protected by copyright the moment they are fixed in a tangible form of expression even if they are never registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. The US Copyright Law provides for the acquisition of copyright for Dramatic works, including any accompanying music and Choreographic works and Pantomimes. For dance works, copyright protection is available for pieces captured on film or videotape, or through Notation (e.g., Labanotation or Benesh). A live performance is not copyrightable unless it is somehow recorded and, thereby, made tangible. Copyright of a videotape or film c overs all original elements of the picture, including any original script or music, and any audio and visual elements that are subject to copyright. A set or costume design is not copyrightable, unless it constitutes a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work. A performed but unfixed choreography will not be entitled to copyright protection under the Act. Section 2 of the Canadian Copyright Act specifically provides that dramatic work includes choreographic work, and the choreographic work can be described as the scenic arrangement or acting form of which is fixed in writing or otherwise. According to the Berne Convention, such crystallization or reduction or the choreography shall be in writing or otherwise. Canadian law also introduced the Private Copying Levies in 1997 as part of its copyright provision. A private copying levy (also known as blank media tax or levy) is a government-mandated scheme in which a special tax or levy which is additional to any general sales t ax, is charged on purchases of recordable media. Such taxes are in place in various countries and the income is typically allocated to the developers of content. USA relaxes this rule of private copying levy, with respect to home audio recording. All countries in the European Union (EU), except Luxemburg, are all implementing the private copying levy system, with respective rates applicable in each country. V.11. Concept of COPYLEFT in USA other countries 14 Copyleft is a form of licensing and can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works such as computer software, documents, music and art. In general, copyright law is used by an author to prohibit others from reproducing, adapting, or distributing copies of the authors work. On the other hand, giving permission to others to reproduce, adapt or distribute it is called Copyleft. Copyleft licenses are a novel use of existing copyright law to ensure a work remains freely available. V.11.1. Application of Copyleft Freedom to use the work. Freedom to study the work Freedom to copy and share the work with others Freedom to modify the work and freedom to distribute modified and derivative works. The GNU General Public License was the first Copyleft license to see extensive use. Creative Commons, a non-profit organization founded by Lawrence Lessig, provides a similar license called Share-Alike. V.12. CREATIVE COMMONS Copyleft Society in USA, Canada other countries 15 Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that issues licenses to any copyrighted work, in such a way that the works is available to the public for free and legal sharing, use, repurposing, and remixing. CC licenses enable people to easily change their copyright terms from the default of all rights reserved to some rights reserved. The types of licenses issued by CC include: Some Rights Reserved Attribution Attribution Share-Alike Attribution No Derivatives Attribution Non-Commercial Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives V.13. Copyrights Situation in Australia 16 Australian law recognizes that individuals have the right to protect the moral and economic interests arising from their creative works. In Australia, copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act), and in court decisions that have interpreted the provisions of the Act. The Act is amended from time to time to keep the law up to date. V.13.1. Requirements for protection In Australia there is no requirement to register to protect copyright works. Copyright protection is free and automatic, i.e., it does not depend on publication, a copyright notice, or any other procedure. Copyright material is protected from the time it is first written down or recorded in some way, provided it is the result of the creators skill and effort and is not merely copied from another work. The right to reproduce or copy a work is controlled by the copyright owner for the following types of material: Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films, sound recordings, television and radio broadcasts, published editions. V.13.2. Duration of copyright Depending on the type of material the length of protection varies. In most cases, copyright lasts from the time of creation for the life of the creator plus 70 years. After that time, the material enters what is known as the public domain where it can be freely used without permission. V.13.3. Exclusive rights of copyright owners Owners of copyright have exclusive rights to deal with their works in certain ways. Anyone who wants to use their works in these ways will need the owners permission, although some exceptions to this rule apply. There are a number of exclusive rights depending on the genre of literary or artistic endeavor. For example copyright owners of literary, artistic, dramatic and musical works control the right to copy or reproduce, as well as the right to publish, perform in public, communicate to the public and adapt their works. V.13.4. Assigning and licensing rights Copyright owners may assign or license these rights to others. Assignment of copyright and licenses can include a number of limitations and conditions. These can include limitations on the type of use that can be made of the work, the period of time for which a license applies and requirements for payment. V.14. APRA AMCOS Copyright societies in AUSTRALIA 17 APRA AMCOS joint objective is to ensure composers/songwriters and publishers are rewarded whenever, and wherever, their musical works are played, performed or reproduced and help Australian New Zealand music consumers get access to the worlds musical repertoire. The Australasian Performing Right Association Limited (APRA) was established in 1926 and now administers the performing and communication rights of over 60,000 composers, songwriters and music publisher members in Australia and New Zealand. Public performances of music include music used in pubs, clubs, fitness centres, shops, cinemas, festivals, whether performed live, on CDs or played on the radio or television. Communication of music covers music used for music on hold, music accessed over the internet or used by television or radio broadcasters. The Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) collects and distributes mechanical royalties for the reproduction of its members musical works for ma ny different purposes. These include the manufacture of CDs, music videos and DVDs, the sale of mobile phone ring-tones and digital downloads the use of production music and the making of radio and television programs. Since 1997, APRA has managed the day-to-day operations of the AMCOS business. V.15. Digital rights management (DRM) 18 Digital technology that inhibits uses of digital content not desired or intended by the content provider is called DRM. It is a systematic approach to copyright protection for digital media. The purpose of DRM is to prevent unauthorized redistribution of digital media and restrict the ways consumers can copy content theyve purchased. DRM products were developed in response to the rapid increase in online piracy of commercially marketed material. An embedded code prevents copying, by specifying a time period of access or by limiting the type of devices on which the content can be accessed. Though the digital content is protected by copyright laws, catching the law-breakers is not easy. The use of DRM may also be a barrier to future historians, since technologies designed to permit data to be read only on particular machines with particular keys for fixed time periods, might severely affect data recovery. DRM received legal backing from the WIPO International Treaty of 1996 and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. V.15.1. DRM Users (Copyrights in Music) Apple I-Tunes, Napster, Wal-Mart, Sony, Kazaa, MSN Music, Yahoo Music, Microsoft Zune etc. V.15.2. Shortcomings of DRM DRM faces several shortcomings such as: Ability to Rip CDs into DRM-Free Files Duplicating DRM files using Analog loophole Infringement by avoiding general computing platforms Failure due to improperly encrypted hardware Easy removal of Watermarks growth of Mass piracy by bit-perfect copying. V.16. Copyrights on Religious Works Ancient Texts 19 For copyright on religious works it is difficult to establish as to who could be the real rights holder. Under the provisions of the Berne convention, copyright is granted to the author on creation of the work. Several religions claim that their works were authored by their god or gods. For instance, many editions of the Bible are under copyright due to their unique edition or translation, though the Bible itself is believed to be the Word of God. V.17. Open Source Music 20 The recent concept of Open Source Music was introduced to provide access to public domain sheet music to musicians and music lovers.   Any music or work of art, which is not under the purview of copyright, comes to be known as art in the public domain. When such works are made freely available on the internet or other sources, they are known as open source artistic works. Open source music lists the works and recordings as also audio mp3s of all those artists, composers and music producers who want their works to be made known to the world, without being hindered by copyright protection. This concept has been propagated by people who were of the opinion that copyrights should not exist in art and music. Open source issues licenses which allow the users to freely share or redistribute any original works or derived works. All these aspects give rise to the following analysis of the copyrights situation in India, as compared to the copyrights situations in other countr ies such as USA, Canada, and Australia: V.18. Comparison of Copyrights Situations in India Abroad Copyright law enforcement is very strict in USA, Canada Australia. The government takes special measures to ensure that these statues are very effective implemented. Whereas in India, though the strict written laws and rules have been stated effectively, the actual copyright protection has not been accorded significant importance in the practical usage. There are very specific rules for choreographic works, dance works, pantomimes and other such works in the US Canadian copyright law. The words Dance Work and Pantomime are not listed in the Copyright Act 1957 of India. There is a necessity to include these definitions and practical applications and / or modify and amend any of the existing definitions in order to be able to protect the intellectual property and choreographic works of dance artists and dance teachers. The copyright enforcement in India is far from the standards established in the actual law. This is because the legal enforcement forces such as copyright agen cies and the police are themselves not completely informed about the legalities involved with copyright protection. Even otherwise, the awareness level is not comprehensive and exhaustive with respect to all the aspects related to copyrights and related rights. Hence, whenever any copyrights issues arise, the enforcement agencies or officials are not able to tackle them effectively. Whereas, in USA other countries, there are several special and active copyright enforcement cells that are always vigilant about infringers, violators and piracies. There are few copyright societies in India, which are involved in the protection of copyrights. Though these societies are working very effectively to bring in copyright enforcement, there is not much co-operation from the general public. The reasons for these could be that there is no awareness among the public as to why copyrights are required, and even if so, the main question that arises in India, is that what could be the benefit of such copyright protection to the common man. Whereas in the other countries, the government as well as private agencies make it a specific point to impart copyright education, right from the secondary school level. Though the copyright societies and enforcement cells available in India, the actual execution of the law is very slow and these cells are not as active as the enforcement cells in USA other countries. As a result, the enforcement of copyrights and other rights are much stronger in those countries as compared to India. Concepts like DRM, Open access, Copyleft, Open source, Share-Alike etc. are not yet recognized in most regions in India, and hence may not hold much relevance unless awareness is created about the basic aspects of copyrights to everyone. Only when there is awareness of the basic concepts, there is scope for the general public to be updated on the latest trends in intellectual property protection. On the other hand, these concepts are already very much in practice and administration in other countries. In a country like India, where rampant piracy is in vogue, concepts like Copyleft, Share-Alike, Open source etc., may not be of much significance because such aspects would only worsen the problem of infringement and piracy, and also give open access to further malpractices in copyright infringement. Except India and a few others, several countries are following the system of Private Copying Levy. Through this method, it can be identified as to how many blank audio/video media is being purchased, and by whom and if so, for what purpose. Such a system does not exist in India. Problems like high population, unemployment, recession, and poverty are all causes for high rate of copyright piracy and infringement in India. Illegal copying and sharing provides quick and easy income to several people in the country. Unless the country is able to tackle these issues, the concept of copyrights may not hold much relevance. On the othe r hand, copyright protection has accorded very good income, growth and encouragement to the creators of original artistic works in other countries and several new measures are being introduced every now and then, at international levels, to help the growth of copyright awareness. Compared to other countries, there are no special provisions specified in the existing Copyright Act, with respect to religious and ancient works. Hence, it remains to be established as to what could be the status in India such as ancient scriptures, religious texts, translations, adaptations etc. The creators and owners of intellectual properties are themselves not aware of the legal procedures related to protection of their works in India. Whereas, every person involved in the creation of intellectual properties in other countries are imparted at least bare minimum awareness of copyright protection, due to the educational system existing in those countries. V.19. Conclusion The enforcement of Copyright laws is much more stringent in USA as compared to India. Uses of services like youtube, google videos etc is highly restricted. There is no download facility available in such public video forums, in USA. In India, such downloads can be easily attempted, by using certain types of software. Even the usage of downloaded videos or buffered videos is not allowed in many instances in USA, unless and until proper referrals are provided by the user. Pirated and hacking softwares are easily available in India, which is proving to be an added tool for the copyright infringers and offenders. In USA and other countries, one cannot easily find websites hosting illegal music or downloads, because such things are immediately brought to the notice of the federal authorities. Copyright violation is considered to be a very serious offence in this country. As a consequence, it is also observed that there is a bit of reticence amongst artists and the audience, wi th respect to the progress and growth of the music industry in USA. Hence, the need for relaxation of certain rules has been identified by the lawmakers in USA. Forums such as Creative Commons have been instituted in order to make the copyright laws more people friendly. This is because there are heavy fluctuations in the already recession prone economy, when it comes to the music and art industries. These forums are issuing special licenses where works of other people can be used based on certain clauses which have been specifically included into such licenses. Copyright is a major issue in a country like USA, whereas in India, the awareness level is catching up only. Whether it would lead to a positive or negative impact on the economy and the overall music, dance and artistic communities, cannot be stated as of now.